Refugees

"A person who meets the eligibility criteria under the applicable refugee definition, as provided for by international or regional instruments, under UNHCR’s mandate, and/or in national legislation". Source : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2005. "UNHCR Global Report 2005". UNHCR. < https://www.unhcr.org/449267670.html >. Accessed 14 May 2020. "Those who are forced to cross international borders because of conflict or political instability". Source : Chronic Poverty...

Relative poverty

"Defining poverty as some portions of a normative standard in a country, usually a proportion of median income. Relative poverty lines are usually expressed as being between 40 or 50 percent of median income. In the United States the absolute poverty line was about 44% of median income when first established in 1963, but is now just about 40%. (In the EU a "low income" threshold is defined as below 60 percent of median income)". Source : Kamerman, S. B. 2000. "Social Policy Glossary". Columbia...

Remittances

“When migrants send home part of their earnings in the form of either cash or goods to support their families, these transfers are known as workers’ or migrant remittances. They have been growing rapidly in the past few years and now represent the largest source of foreign income for many developing countries”. Source : Ratha, D. 2020. “Remittances: Funds for the Folks Back Home”. International Monetary Fund. < https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/remitt.htm >. Accessed 30...

Resilience

“Macroeconomic resilience has two components: instantaneous resilience, which is the ability to limit the magnitude of immediate production losses for a given amount of asset losses, and dynamic resilience, which is the ability to reconstruct and recover. Welfare impacts also depend on micro-economic resilience, which depends on the distribution of losses; on households' vulnerability, such as their pre-chock income and ability to smooth shocks over time with savings, borrowing, and insurance,...

Resilience capacities

"Absorptive capacity is the ability to cope with climate variability and extremes during and after a disturbance to reduce the immediate impact on people’s livelihoods and basic needs. Anticipatory capacity is the ability of social systems to actively anticipate and reduce the impact of climate variability and extremes through preparedness and planning. Adaptive capacity is the ability of social systems to adapt to multiple, long-term and future climate change risks, and also to learn and...

Risk and vulnerability

“By definition then, risk and vulnerability are bound up with a pro-poor growth strategy. With risk aversion and a condition of resignation that is manifested in people living in chronic poverty, specific policies to reach these groups become essential. In this way, risk management policies can make the chronic poor less vulnerable, and hence more amenable to taking risks and participating in pro-poor growth.” Source : Wheeler, R. S. and Haddad, L. 2005. “Reconciling Different Concepts of Risk...

Risk pooling

"Many diseases and accidents are not predictable. This is why they constitute a financial risk for everyone. Risk pooling is a method of alleviating this problem by creating a community – a pool – which agrees to split the risk among all members once it occurs. This has the effect that all pay a small and bearable amount regularly instead of some paying a large amount once the risk occurs." Source: Normand, C. and Weber, A. 2009. Social health insurance: a guidebook for planning. VAS – Verlag...

Risk-premium

"Each individual pays a contribution (called in this case a premium) which is calculated according to the assessed level of relative risk which the participant brings to the pool. So, for example, in a scheme of disablement insurance organised on a risk-premium basis, a worker in a dangerous occupation such a mining would be required to contribute proportionately more to the pool than a worker in a sedentary, office-based occupation." Source: ILO. 2015. "Social Insurance". Social Protection...