The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 envisioned universal social protection and health care, and since then, the coverage of contributory and non-contributory social protection has expanded considerably. Social security coverage of workers in the formal economy has grown by over 5 percent since 2002, fuelled by rapid job creation resulting from economic growth and policy innovations such as the rural pension scheme. Social expenditure has risen, reaching 26.0% of GDP in 2008, and this has allowed for the development of innovative social assistance schemes that fill in the gaps in contributory social security. Brazil’s Social Protection Floor comprises, for example, the Bolsa Familia cash transfers, the universal Unified Health System, and the BPC social pension.