Under the background of the rapid development of the digital economy, it is of great significance to explore the coupling and coordination relationship and driving factors between digital inclusive finance and social security, so as to optimize the allocation of resources and realize sustainable development. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, this paper constructs an index system of digital inclusive finance and social security and uses the entropy weight method, coupling coordination model, and spatial Dobbin model to explore the temporal and spatial differentiation, spatial agglomeration characteristics and possible influencing factors of digital inclusive finance and social security. It is found that the level of coupling and coordination between digital inclusive finance and social security in China has been continuously strengthened, and most regions have entered the stage of coordination from imbalance, but there are still regional gaps in different degrees among provinces. The coupling and coordination of digital inclusive finance and social security present obvious spatial agglomeration, forming a spatial pattern of “strong in the eastern and weak in the western regions, high in the southern and low in the northern regions”. Economic and social factors play an important role in the coupling system. The above conclusions will provide a theoretical basis and empirical evidence for future policy formulation, which is of great significance.