Background: Food-assisted maternal and child health and nutrition programs are a widely used approach to address under nutrition. Little is known about the effects of these programs’ combined household and individual food rations on household and individual food consumption.Tubaramurein Burundi targeted women and children during the first 1000 of life, and included: 1) food rations (corn-soy blend and micronutrient-fortified vegetable oil); 2) health servicesstrengthening and promotion of their use; and 3) behavior change communication on nutrition, hygiene, and health practices. Objectives: The objectives were:1) to assessTubaramure’s impact on household food consumption and food security,maternal dietary diversity, and infant and young child feeding practices; 2) to explore the role of the food rations; and 3) assess 6–8 mo impacts around 8 mo after the end of the program. Conclusions: Programs such as Tubaramure have the potential to improve food security and household and individualenergy and micronutrient consumption in severely resource-constrained populations, as seen in rural Burundi. This trialwas registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01072279.