What evidence is there on local actors’ relative perceptions of different social assistance modalities (cash transfers, food vouchers and food distribution), especially on transitions away from food distribution? What differences are observed between social groups? Where possible, focus on the occupied Palestinian territory, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Major international aid actors worldwide have been moving away from in-kind food aid and turning towards food vouchers and cash transfers. International agencies working in the Levant – i.e. the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria – have tried to reconcile this general shift with the historical, political and social specificities of social assistance in the Levant.