The Program Oportunidades (formerly PROGRESA) has been operating in small rural communities since 1997, providing cash grants to families in exchange for regular school attendance of children and youth as well as regular health clinic attendance and nutritional supplements for infants and very young children and for pregnant and lactating women. This paper provides estimates of the medium-term impacts on education for rural children aged 0 to 8 in 1997 just prior to the initial rural intervention, or those aged 6 to 14 in the 2003 Rural Evaluation Survey. The education of the oldest children within this age range would have been expected to have been affected primarily by the scholarship component of the program. The education of the youngest children within this age range, in contrast, would not have been affected directly by the scholarship component of the program by 2003 because they were too young to have advanced by then to the third grade at which the scholarships begin (though there may have been indirect effects through expectations about scholarships in the future). But on the other hand, these children were beneficiaries of the infant nutritional supplements, which may have improved their educational performance when they became of school age.