Labor Migration in Asia: Changing Profiles and Processes

Migration flows across the world were sharply curtailed in 2020—especially in Asia, where travel and admission to many economies were strictly regulated. The impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on labor mobility in Asia in 2021 was still strong. By the end of 2022, as restrictions on movement were lifted, labor migration flows in most corridors in Asia had returned to pre-pandemic levels. Key sectors continue to rely on a migrant workforce in many economies. Some of the most profound linkages among Asian economies and with other parts of the world are the significant and multidirectional flows of labor migration. About 5 million workers are deployed annually from the Asian economies included in this report, excluding additional exits of workers not covered by origin country record-keeping. Deployments were abruptly staunched during the COVID-19 pandemic: there were about 6 million fewer departures for work than would have been expected in the timespan between March 2020 and December 2021. This publication aims to provide guidance and reference as economies chart a policy course to emerge from this period of upheaval and look to recovery. The publication presents case studies of new profiles of labor demand and evolving developments in recruitment and emigrating processes from selected economies. It also illustrates good practices and puts forward policy recommendations to promote the effective management of labor migration in Asia.